Social Justice - Gender Example

Essays on Social Justice - Gender Book Report/Review Summary of Necropolitics, Narcopolitics, and Femicide: Gendered Violence on the Mexico-U.S. Border Necropolitics has been defined as synonymous to the idea of biopolitics or the used of the threat of violent death as a technique in governance. Necropolitics has prevailed because of drug gangs-related killings (narcopolitics) and massive, violent, and cruel deaths of women (femicide) on the Mexico U.S. boarder. In addition, violence and deaths were the results of government’s military strategy to disrupt the drug business. Since then, unprecedented violations of human and civil rights have been documented and a number of antifemicide activists also emerged to fight for social injustice and legal reforms concerning gender as the notion of masculinity contributed to violence and state-sanctioned impunity. In line with the idea of necropolitics, narcopolitics, femicide, and gendered-violence, Wright (2011) geared towards the demonstration of how antifemicide movements led to a dem ocratic Mexican state despite violence and how politics of gender are related to necropolitics (709). Supporting literatures from a number of scholars such as Mbembe, Michael Hardt, and Antonio Negri identified politics to the work of death where dead bodies served as the basis for occurring femicide and rational drug lords. The dead bodies provided the gender, location, scars, and mutilations associated with gendered violence. The discovery of these bodies was also significant in designing measures to protect the lives of Ciudad Juarez residents, advocating human rights, and understanding citizenship movements. This has also become a tool to understand that violence is perpetuated by businessmen who are engaged in illegal transactions and possessed masculine traits of competition, rationality, and violence. Therefore, the politics of death and the politics of gender go altogether wherein gender is central to the state’s production and their subject’s reproduction. Wor ks CitedWright, Melissa W. â€Å"Necropolitics, Narcopolitics, and Femicide: Gendered Violence on the Mexico-U.S. Border.† Journal of Women in Culture and Society (2011) (36)(3): 707-731.

Quantitative and Qualitative Mixed Models data Analysis

Question: Describe about the main ideas of Quantitative and Qualitative Mixed Models data Analysis methods? Answer: Section 1 Literature review and ANOVA Mixed model data analysis is consist with the two main important analysis processes such as qualitative data analysis and quantitative data analysis. When we get the output for an experiment as a number or quantity, then we use the quantitative data analysis. There are several data analysis process or methods are available for quantitative data set. We can perform descriptive statistical analysis or inferential statistical analysis which is depends on our research question. Sometimes, we get the qualitative data for some experiments and for this qualitative data; we cannot use all the methods which are useful for the quantitative data analysis. We use other statistical data analysis methods for the qualitative data analysis. There are several data analysis methods are available for the qualitative data analysis. For some experiment, we have available both types of data, that is, experiment produces qualitative and quantitative data at the same time, then we need to use the both types of data analysis methods, this types of data analysis is called as the mixed models data analysis. In the mixed model data analysis, the primary step is to identify the variables for which we want to study or analyse the data regarding some particular variables. To decide or fix our goal or aim is very important in the mixed model data analysis. For the both qualitative and quantitative data analysis, collection of data is very important step for further research. Without data we cannot draw the conclusions regarding our hypothesis or claims regarding the different variables under study. Collection of data consist of several methods, we can use different sampling methods for collection of data. it was found that if we get the big sample, then we get more accurate results. Also, collection of data in the systematic format is very important. It is very useful to divide the data according to different categories. Sometimes, in the qualitative data analysis, we are not given any catego ries or label, then we need to divide the variable according to categories, label to these categories and coding is also important in the qualitative data analysis process. After collection of data, for the quantitative data analysis, we simply apply the different descriptive statistical methods and inferential statistical methods. We can calculate the different values for parametric estimation or descriptive statistics. We can use the non-parametric methods sometimes. For the qualitative data analysis, we can apply different qualitative data analysis methods and then we can calculate the desirable statistic value for proving our goals or aims regarding the hypothesis or claims stated by researcher. After both types of data analysis, we can draw the conclusions for given variables or claims regarding the variables under study. In the descriptive statistics, we study the mean, mode, median, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, variance, range, skewness, kurtosis etc. There are lot of statistical softwares. We can use these softwares for getting the descriptive statistics values for the further analysis. In the inferential statistics, we apply the different statistical hypothesis tests for the given data. Selection of the proper test is very important in proving the claim or hypothesis under study. If we select the improper statistical tests, then we cannot get the correct conclusions. There are so many hypothesis tests are available and after checking all assumptions for using any particular test, we can apply this test to the given data and we can draw the conclusions for the given hypothesis stated for the test. After deciding the appropriate test, it is important to establish the null and alternative hypothesis for this test. This is nothing but the deciding our claim regarding the variable under study. After deciding our claim, we have to fix some level of significance or alpha value for the test. This is important because it gives us reliability or accuracy about the results of the test. In most of the times we take the level of significance as 5% or 0.05. Next step in the testing of hypothesis is to find the test statistic value and we can find this test statistic value by calculating the given formula for the test statistic. After finding the value for the test statistic value, we can find the p-value for the given value by using some statistical tables. Then we compare this p-value with the given level of significance or alpha value and then we take the decision regarding the null hypothesis according to the decision rule for the rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis. The decision rule for the rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis is given as below: Decision rule: We reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is the less than the given level of significance or alpha value and we do not reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is greater than the given level of significance or alpha value. Now, we have to see what is the ANOVA is. If we are given the two samples for testing the averages or means regarding the population data, then we can use the t test or z test. We can only use the z or t test when there are two samples. But many times, we need to compare more than two samples for the population means or averages for the given data set. In this condition, we use the ANOVA test instead of using the z or t test. Before applying the ANOVA test, we need to check some assumptions for this test. The null and alternative hypothesis for this test is given as below: Null hypothesis: H0: All population means for the all variables are same. Alternative hypothesis: Ha: All population means all variables are not same. We can also write these hypotheses as below: Null hypothesis: H0: There is no any significant difference in all population means. Alternative hypothesis: Ha: There is significant difference exists in the given population means. After applying this test, we get the test statistic value F for this test and then we can find the p-value for this test. At last, after comparing the p-value with the given level of significance or alpha value, we can take the decision about the null hypothesis regarding the given variables under study. Tests of independence In the quantitative and qualitative data analysis, sometimes we need to use the tests of independence for the given two categorical variables. In this test we check the claim that whether the given two categorical variables are independent or not. For example, we can check the hypothesis that the gender and education are independent from each other. One of the main important tests in testing the independence between two categorical variables is the chi square test for independence. Let us see this in detail given below: Chi square test for independence For checking the independence between the two categorical variables, we use the chi square test for independence. We use this chi square test for independence for the given two categorical variables from the single population. By using this test, we check the claim whether there is any association exists between the given two categorical variables or not. This test consists of some steps. First of all, preparation of the null and alternative hypothesis is very important because we have to decide what we have to prove by using this test. Then after, we fix some level of significance or alpha value for this test. Next step is to find the test statistic value for this test by using the formula given for this test. After finding the test statistic value, we find the p-value for this test. Then after, we can simply compare this p-value with the given level of significance or alpha value, and then we can take the decision regarding the null hypothesis for whether reject the null hypothesis or do not reject the null hypothesis that the given two categorical variables are independent. Also, there are some other tests for checking independence. We need to use these tests for independence according to available data and assumptions or conditions. Section 2 For the section 2, we have to search the five journal articles from the EBSCO or Google scholar. The following articles are taken from the Google scholar. Let us see all these articles step by step given below: 5 journal articles Article 1: Objectively Measured Sleep Characteristics among Early-Middle-Aged Adults The CARDIA Study Abstract In this article, the researcher finds out the relationship between the number of hours a person sleeping and the risk of cardiac problems. Researcher collects the data of 669 participants in the year 2003 to 2004 and then researcher use this data for statistical analysis. After doing this statistical analysis, researcher draw the conclusions about the relationship between the number of hours person sleeping and the risk of cardiac problems. For this research, researcher used the data of the early middle aged adults. https://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/164/1/5.short Article 2: Sleep Habits and Patterns of College Students: A Preliminary Study Abstract: For this article, researcher studies the sleep habits and patterns of college students. Researcher collects the data for the number of hours student sleep and the marks obtained by the student in the college courses. Then researcher do some statistical analysis and draw some conclusions regarding the numbers of hours student sleeps and the marks obtained by student for different college courses. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07448480109596017#.VOHIeO_MT4g Article 3: Education and Stratification in Developing Countries Abstract This article is based on the study of education and inequality in development in regions. Also this article focuses on the relationship between the educational background and the families financial condition. For this purpose, researcher collects the data for some developing countries and then researcher do some statistical analysis and check his claims. After his research, he found that there is financial gap or economic gap in the different regions due to the education level of families in these regions. https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2678615?sid=21105361939691uid=4uid=2 Article 4: Wealth, Expenditures And Decision-Making For Education Abstract: This article is based on the wealth, expenditures and decision making for education. Researcher collects the data regarding the wealth; expenditure and education from some region and then researcher do some statistical data analysis. After doing this data analysis, researcher points out the some relationship between these three factors. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED001243 Article 5: A simulation study of crop growth and development under climate change Abstract: In this article, the researcher provides the simulation study of crop growth and development under the different climate change. Researcher collects data from different climatic conditions for the some crop and then researcher finds out that what is the effect of climate changes on the total yield of the crop production and the crop development. For this study, researcher used the different statistical regression models. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0168192395022864 Section 3 In this section, we have to discuss the two articles out of five articles given in the second section. We select the article 1 and 2 for discussion. Let us see the discussions for these articles in detail: Article 1: Objectively Measured Sleep Characteristics among Early-Middle-Aged Adults The CARDIA Study Abstract Researcher collects the data for the number of hours the person sleep and the risk of cardiac problem. Researcher collects the data for the year 2003 2004. Researcher collects the data for the early middle aged adults. Researcher collects the data for the 669 participants. Researcher collects the data regarding to the time in bed, time required to fall asleep, sleep duration and sleep efficiency. All the participants were of the age group 38 50 years. out of the 669 participants, 58% were women. The percentage for the black persons was 44%. For this data, researcher get the mean time in bed was 7.5 hours with the standard deviation 1.2 hours. Researcher found the mean sleep latency time as 21.9 minutes with standard deviation 29 minutes. The mean sleep duration was found as 6.1 hours with the standard deviation 1.2 hours. Mean sleep efficiency was found as 80.9% with standard deviation 11.3%. Also it was found that average sleep duration for white women as 6.7 hours and for white m en, it was observed as 6.1 hours. For black women, it was 5.9 hours and for black men, it was observed as 5.1 hours. Researcher concluded that sleep duration and quality have the consequences for health and it is strongly associated with the race, sex and socioeconomic status of the person. https://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/164/1/5.short Article 2: Sleep Habits and Patterns of College Students: A Preliminary Study Abstract: For this article, researcher collects the data for the college students for the total number of student sleeps and the marks obtained in the college courses. Data is collected for some US college students. Data is collected from the rural and urban areas for checking the relationship between the college performance and the regions. Also, researcher suggest that how the colleges and university officials alter procedures to minimize students sleep disturbances and reduce the deleterious effects of sleep problems on the academic performance. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07448480109596017#.VOHIeO_MT4g References: 1. David Freedman, Robert Pisani, Roger Purves, Statistics, 3rd ed., W. W. Norton Company, 1997.2. Morris H. DeGroot, Mark J. Schervish Probability and Statistics, 3rd ed., Addison Wesley, 2001.3. Leonard J. Savage, The Foundations of Statistics, 2nd ed., Dover Publications, Inc. New York, 1972.4. Robert V. Hogg, Allen T. Craig, Joseph W. McKean, An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 6th ed., Prentice Hall, 2004.5. George Casella, Roger L. Berger, Statistical Inference, 2nd ed., Duxbury Press, 2001.6. David R. Cox, D. V. Hinkley, Theoretical Statistics, Chapman Hall/CRC, 1979.7. Peter J. Bickel, Kjell A. Doksum, Mathematical Statistics, Volume 1, Basic Ideas and Selected Topics, 2rd ed. Prentice Hall, 2001.8. T. S. Ferguson, Mathematical Statistics: A Decision Theoretic Approach, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 19679. Harald Cramr, Mathematical Methods of Statistics, Princeton, 194610.Laubach RS, Koschnick K. Using Readability: Formulas for Easy Adult Materials. Syracuse, NY: New Readers Press, 1977. 11. SPSS-X Users Guide. 3rd edition. Chicago. IL: SPSS, Inc., 1988. 12.Doak L, Doak C. Patient comprehension profiles: recent findings and strategies. Patient Couns Health Educ. 1980;2:1016. 13.Anthony, R. N. and Herzlinger, R. E. (1980). Management Control in Nonprofit Organizations. Homewood, Ill: Irwin. 14. Balderston, F. E. (1975). Managing Today's University. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Earnings Differentials for Women by Full

Introduction In the last 50 decades, there has been a huge shift in the roles of men and women as was previously defined in the traditional societal structure. Initially, women were supposed to take care of children at home, and do other house hold chores. However, this changed drastically within this period, and with policies like the affirmative action, women have gained access to the corporate world.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Earnings Differentials for Women by Full-Time or Part-Time Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently, women can do virtually anything that men do and they earn just as much as men. The stigmatization has completely died down and the society has come to accept this new role of women. Although some societies, majorly in the Muslim world are yet to give women full liberation, many countries have liberated their women to go after their dreams to the highest limits possible. One such country is United Kingdom, which had even had a woman as their head of state. This was a sign that the limits that were put for women were completely brought down. In their different professions, women earn differently based on a number of factors. Holbrook (2003, p. 45), in his work titled allure of 100 hours a week, says that there is a new crop of women coming up with new zeal to their different professions. When women decided to storm into what was initially a preserve for men, men felt threatened and thought that they would be displaced by these women who, by look of things, were as good in performing their duties as men, but look a little more determined than men. They therefore thought that the only way to beat women in this was to work for an extended period after the normal period in order to be at the top when the pay day comes. This was done bearing in mind that women would be forced to leave for home by five in the evening, specifically because of the need to take care of the children who were left at home. However, this new crop of women has proven beyond reasonable doubt that they are willing to do anything just to ensure that they earn good money.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper seeks to analyze earning differentials for women by full time or part time work. Rationale For a long time, the issue of earnings has raised a lot of heat among different individuals in different places. Labor laws have been developed as a way of regulating they pay of employees to ensure that they do not demand for too much than they can be given by their employers, and that the employers do not give too minimal salaries than should be expected. This ensures a tradeoff between the two. However, because some employees work on full time, while others work on part time basis, there results in earning differentials between the two groups. This st udy seeks to analyze this difference to ascertain the reason behind this and which of the two groups earn better. This study would therefore help explain the reason why many female workers are currently going for part time jobs and not full time. It would help bring out the reasons behind the current popularity of part timers at many of the firms within various cities in the United Kingdom and other developed countries. It would also help explain who stands to benefit between the employer and the employee in the two outfits. Research questions and hypothesis Flint, Woodruff, and Fisher (2002, p. 67) say that a good research should be pegged on one or two specific questions that the researcher seeks to find their answers. This scholar says that research is like a sea of knowledge which is as interesting as they are useful. Getting into a research process without a clear research question would be very dangerous because the researcher would meet many interesting information, most of w hich are irrelevant to the research but appear important all the same. In such a case, the researcher may be tempted to explore such irrelevant information, making him or her drift away from the main focus of the research. In this study, the researcher developed some questions that would help in maintaining the focus of this research.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Earnings Differentials for Women by Full-Time or Part-Time Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How much, on average, do a full time female worker earn in United Kingdom? How much, on average, do a part time female worker earn in United Kingdom? Which of the two groups earn higher and why? The above questions would lead us to three hypotheses that the researcher would be confirming or rejecting in the dissertation of this proposal. The hypotheses are as below: H10. Full time female workers do not earn more than part time female workers in Unite d Kingdom H1a. Full time female workers earn more than part time female workers in United Kingdom. H20. There is no comparable difference in earnings of female full time and part time workers in the United Kingdom H2a. There is comparable difference in earnings of female full time and part time workers in the United Kingdom The above hypothesis would help reach out for the desired conclusion in the research dissertation. Scope The purpose of a research is always to help further information available in a given field. A research would always be useful to various individuals in various categories.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In every research, it would therefore be appropriate that the researcher categorically states the scope of his work in order to help guide users of the paper (Kotler, Keller, Brady, Goodman, Hansen 2009, p. 78). The scope would help such users determine relevance of the paper to his or her field or scenario. This research would be conducted in various cities in United Kingdom. Therefore, it would only be applicable to this setting or a setting in any other nation with a setting that bears resemblance to that of United Kingdom. Our scope was also limited to women, and therefore it may not be appropriate for use in case the other gender in involved Literature Review Issues concerning pay have elicited debate from various quarters. Many scholars have therefore come forth to research on various pay related issues in order to ascertain factors that play off in the process of compensation of workers for their labor input. As Cunningham (2000, p. 36) reports, the cost of living has skyroc keted over the few past years. United Kingdom is one of the nations with the highest cost of living in the world. Because of this, employees have had to demand for a higher pay in order to cater for the extended cost of living. Because many firms may not be able to compensate for the amount of money that an employee would demand, there has been a new trend of workers who prefer working in multiple places in order to earn livelihood. This has seen the number of part time workers increase (Gilbert 2001, p.75). As this scholar notes, in such cases, an employee would be in position to work in more than one place. Cohen, Minion and Morrison (2000, p. 92) agree with this scholar. He says that currently, many employees prefer to work on a part time basis. This would allow them to work in two or more different places, hence earn enough money to cater for increased expenses. The category of workers who prefer these part time jobs are relatively younger. Briggs (1986, p. 94), referring to thi s group as the young and the restless, says that part time jobs offer them job satisfaction. According to him, these youngsters cannot withstand the idea of having to work at the same place over the years. They prefer to move from one job to other always meeting new challenges in their various assignments. According to Bailey (1996, p. 71) the older generation differs from this younger one in various aspects. The older generation looks for assurance. They want to be assured that their work is secure and that under no circumstance would they be laid off unless they are compensated for this. They therefore go for permanent and pensionable jobs under full time basis. The two groups differ in what they are looking for in life. According to Adam and Healy (2000, 58), as the older generation look for job assurance, the younger individuals want fun and challenges in their duties. Because of this, they would prefer different job settings. Ahmed and Rafiq (2002, 19) say that the two groups w ould earn differently based on different parameters. An employee who works on a full time basis is likely to get promotions at a faster rate than the one on a part time basis. These promotions come with increased allowances and the basic pay. As such, an employee who is on a full time basis would earn more than a fellow employee who is working under part time basis in the same firm. However, a full time employee would be tied to the job the whole day and may not be in a position to work in other places. On the contrary, an employee who is on a part time basis can work in to or more other places. Such an employee may end up carrying a larger amount of money home, because from each employer, there is the least amount stated by the law that he or she must get. Andreson, Narus, and Rossum (2010, p. 104) however, do not agree with this notion. They say that an employee who works full time has a better chance of raising the firm leadership ladder hence advancing the career. As such, their earning would be way beyond part time worker, even if such a worker were to get more than two employers. As Atkinson (1990, p. 59) says, because the society has changed and women are determined to be their families breadwinners, they find themselves in the above two categories. This scholar says that younger women would prefer part time jobs as opposed to full time jobs. They have their families to take care of and other obligations. As such, they need jobs that would earn them as much money as would be possible yet gives them time to meet other obligations.. Research Methods This chapter focuses on various aspects of research development. It includes methods of data collection, analysis and presentation. Every research project applies a certain research method to achieve its objectives depending on its goals. The methods used to conduct research in this project compared closely with the methods proposed in the project proposal (Barnes, Blake, Pinder 2009, p. 78) In research, desi gn deals primarily with aims, uses, purposes, intentions, and plans within the practical constraints of time, location, money, and availability of staff (Best 2009, p. 57). In this study, respondents will be briefed in advance. The officials of various identified firms will be given relevant notice by the researcher. The study population will also be amicably informed in order to get prepared for the study. Briefing is important because it would enhance reliability of the study. It is also ethical to inform people before researching on them. The findings would also made public to the researched as one way of ensuring morality in the study. Furthermore, the researcher will observe researcher-researcher ethics by keeping away from criticism. The response rate is expected to be high because the researcher will insist that the study is meant for purely academic purposes. This is expected to encourage many of the respondents to fill in their questionnairs. Research Model This research wo uld utilize quantitative research methods in conducting the study and collecting data (Frankfort-Nachmias Nachmias 1992, p. 70). Quantitative research will be used althrough because it aims at summarizing data mathematically. In this regard, the research took the form of a survey, whereby the researcher identified some individuals and posted questionnaires to them. The sampled population was selected randomly in order to eliminate biases. The researcher made follow-ups by conducting respondents on phone. Interviewing is another method of data collection that was used in this research. The researcher extracted more information from respondents by calling them. Sampling Methods The most applicable sampling method for this exercise was random sampling. Considering that the targeted population consisted of staff in the housekeeping section, there was no much risk of having biased data. If the survey needed to cover the entire staff of the identified firms, systematic sampling coupled w ith stratified sampling would be ideal to ensure cross-departmental representation. However, this survey targeted a section of the staff hence random sampling proved sufficient to collect required data. Secondary Data Used Secondary data for analysis in this project came from various publications. These included reports, journal articles and research publications. Most of it related to the work that other researchers in the field of motivation undertook. The other areas where the literature review covered include theories of motivation and the application of performance pay in various institutions. The nature of material used varied. Journals dealing with specific aspects of motivation provided specific information on specific research elements investigated by researchers. Some reports from intergovernmental organizations proved useful in providing information on the application of performance related pay (Cukor-Avila 2000, p. 39). From these sources, several findings came to the fo re. Primary Data The online questionnaire provided the means of collecting primary data for this project. The survey would cover 15 employees working across various shifts at the identified firms in various departments. This sample is representative of the entire study population. The choice of respondents was by random sampling based on the individual’s willingness to participate. The questionnaire had a mixture of open ended and closed ended questions (Fifield 2007, 50). This design enabled the study to provide as much detail as possible while eliminating the risk of high variance in responses. The administration of the questionnaires took place online because of varying working hours. In addition, it eased access to the questionnaire. After filing in the soft copy, respondents sent it to a designated email address. This measure resulted to reduced costs transport and accommodation. The expenses could be occasioned by physical administration of questionnaires. Moreover, it saved research time because it was easy to transfer the information from a soft copy to the analysis software because the findings were analyzed using a software referred to as SPSS. Finally, it did not generate any paper waste hence contributing to environmental conservation. Validity and Reliability Reliability means appropriateness, applicability and truthfulness of a study. It is the ability of research instruments to produce results that are in agreement with theoretical and conceptual values. In this study, internal validity was ensured through checking the represenativeness of the sample. The researcher ensured that the sample used captured all important characters in the entire stdudy population (Dubois, Jolibert, Muhlbacher 2007, p. 79). External validity was ensured through triangulation that is, the researcher used more than one technique in collecting data. External validity was also guaranteed by asking respondents to give their views. Reliability means that the study is consistent and lacks any ambiquity. It is related to the accuracy of instruments that is, how accurate the measuring device is in measuring what it claims to measure. In this study, it was achieved through increasing verifiability of the perspective. The researcher adopted the principles of coherence, opennes and discourse in order to guarantee reliability. Access The research would take place in three cities in United Kingdom: London, Manchester and Liverpool. The researcher intends to identify two firms in each city where our research would be based. In the identified firms, the researcher intends to have two groups of respondents who would be sampled for the research process. As Edkins and Maja (2009, p. 78) note, at times it may not be easy to reach out for the respondents that are required for a given research. They may be too busy to participate on the research or just unwilling to participate in it for one reason or the other. Having taken this in mind, the researcher ensu red that all the participants that were needed for this research were appropriately involved to ensure reliability. The researcher would seek permission from the identified firms’ authorities and then approach the respondents as individuals. As explained above, the researcher intends to explain to them the purpose of this study and assure them confidentiality in their work (Eggert Ulaga 2002, p. 83). Through this, the researcher aims to gain access to all participants that would be needed in this research. This would help in ensuring that the data collected would be a representation of the entire population. List of References Adam, F Healy, M 2000, A Practical Guide to Postgraduate Research. Blackhall Publishing, Dublin. Ahmed, K Rafiq, M 2002, Internal Marketing tools and concepts for customer-focused management, Butterworth Heinemann Elsevier, Oxford. Andreson, JC, Narus, AJ Rossum, W 2010, â€Å"Customer Value Propositions in Business Markets†, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 1, no. 3, pp 91-99. Atkinson, P 1990, The Ethnographic Imagination: Textual Constructions of Reality Routledge, London. Bailey, A 1996, A Guide to Field Research, California, Forge Press, Pine. Balnaves, M Caputi, P 2001, Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods: An Investigative Approach, Sage Publications, London. Barnes, C, Blake, H Pinder, D 2009, Creating Delivering your Value Proposition, Kogan Page, London. Best, RJ 2009, Market-Based Management Strategies for Growing Customer value and Profitability, New Jersey, Pearson. Briggs, C 1986, Learning How to Ask: A Sociolinguistic Appraisal of the Role of the Interview in Social Science Research, CUP, Cambridge. Bryman, A 2001,Social Research Methods, OUP, Oxford. Cohen, L Minion, L Morrison, K 2000, Research Methods in Education (5th Edition) GB, Routledge, Falmer. Cukor-Avila, P 2000, Rethinking the Observer’s Paradox, American Speech, 75/3, 253-4. Cunningham, B 2000, The stress management sourceboo k, Free Press, Los Angeles. Dubois, P, Jolibert, A Muhlbacher, H, 2007, Marketing Management A Value-Creation Process, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. Edkins, J Maja, Z 2009, Global Politics: a New Introduction Routledge London. Eggert, A Ulaga, W 2002, â€Å"Customer-perceived value: a substitute for satisfaction in business markets?† Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, Vol. 17, no. 2, pp 107-125. Fifield, P 2007, Marketing Strategy: The Difference between Marketing and Markets, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. Flint, DJ, Woodruff, RB Fisher, GS, 2002, â€Å"Exploring the phenomenon of customers’ desired value change in a business-to-business context†, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66 no. 4, pp 102-117. Frankfort-Nachmias, C Nachmias, D 1992, Research Methods in the Social Sciences, Edward Arnold, London. Gilbert, N 2001, Researching Social Life, Sage, London. Holbrook, MB 2003, Customer value and auto ethnography: subjective personal introspec tion and the meanings of a photograph collection, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 58, no. 1, pp 45 – 61. Kotler, P, Keller, KL, Brady, M, Goodman, M Hansen, T 2009, Marketing Management, Prentice Hall, Harlow. This proposal on Earnings Differentials for Women by Full-Time or Part-Time Work was written and submitted by user Emelia H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Anglo Saxon

The Anglo-Saxon period extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman-French conquest of England. The Germanic tribes from Europe who overran England in the 5th century, after the Roman withdrawal, brought with them the Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, language, which is the roots for Modern English. They also brought a specific poetic tradition which is the formal character of which remained surprisingly constant until the termination of their rule by the Norman-French invaders six centuries later. Britain in the third and fourth centuries felt the decline of the Roman Empire. An official known as the count of the Saxon Shore oversaw defenses against raids by Saxons and others along the North Sea coast. Would-be emperors stripped Britain of its occupying forces, moving the legions elsewhere to serve their own political ambitions. In 410 Rome abandoned Britain. After nearly four centuries of occupation, it left little that was permanent: an excellent network of roads, the best Britain would have for 1400 years; the sites of a number of towns- London, York, and others bearing names that end in the suffix -cester and -caster; and Christianity. The Anglo-Saxons, who occupied the country after the Romans left, ignored the towns, chased Christianity into Wales, and gave their own names, such as Watling Street, to the Roman roads. Fragmentary knowledge of England in the 5th and 6th centuries comes from the British writer Gildas (6th century), the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (a history of the English people begun in the 9th century), saints' lives, poetry, archaeological findings, and place-name studies. In the absence of Roman administrators, British warlords, nominally Christian, ruled small, unstable kingdoms and continued some Roman traditions of governance. In the mid-5th century, they revived the Roman policy of hiring Germanic mercenaries to help defend them against warlike peoples of the north (Picts and Scots). The Saxon merc... Free Essays on Anglo Saxon Free Essays on Anglo Saxon The Anglo-Saxon period extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman-French conquest of England. The Germanic tribes from Europe who overran England in the 5th century, after the Roman withdrawal, brought with them the Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, language, which is the roots for Modern English. They also brought a specific poetic tradition which is the formal character of which remained surprisingly constant until the termination of their rule by the Norman-French invaders six centuries later. Britain in the third and fourth centuries felt the decline of the Roman Empire. An official known as the count of the Saxon Shore oversaw defenses against raids by Saxons and others along the North Sea coast. Would-be emperors stripped Britain of its occupying forces, moving the legions elsewhere to serve their own political ambitions. In 410 Rome abandoned Britain. After nearly four centuries of occupation, it left little that was permanent: an excellent network of roads, the best Britain would have for 1400 years; the sites of a number of towns- London, York, and others bearing names that end in the suffix -cester and -caster; and Christianity. The Anglo-Saxons, who occupied the country after the Romans left, ignored the towns, chased Christianity into Wales, and gave their own names, such as Watling Street, to the Roman roads. Fragmentary knowledge of England in the 5th and 6th centuries comes from the British writer Gildas (6th century), the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (a history of the English people begun in the 9th century), saints' lives, poetry, archaeological findings, and place-name studies. In the absence of Roman administrators, British warlords, nominally Christian, ruled small, unstable kingdoms and continued some Roman traditions of governance. In the mid-5th century, they revived the Roman policy of hiring Germanic mercenaries to help defend them against warlike peoples of the north (Picts and Scots). The Saxon merc...

Argument about physically disabled people. We choose a Essay

Argument about physically disabled people. We choose a subject(physically disabled people) on which to alter people's thinking - Essay Example This greatly affects the quality of life people with disability can lead. The negative attitude stemming from the society leads to denial of opportunities for the physically disabled. Physical disability is not distant from everyone of us. Personally, I underwent a major surgery at 16 on my legs which forever changed my understanding of physical disability. The surgery culminated into a rare condition called Miserable Malalignment. Eventually, matters became so complicated for me that the doctors tried to perform a correction by aligning my legs through sawing both of my legs' bones in half, twisting them to the right place and eventually using screws to keep them in place. This condition prevented me from going on with normal life and every aspect of my life was interrupted including my studies. I had become a physically disabled person. Coping with the situation was hard because I had always believed that physical disability was a condition one was born with. Therefore for me becoming physically disabled at age 16 was something I least expected. Of all facets in life, it is my schooling and social life that was worst affected. In terms of schooling I had to change from school based learning to home based schooling just because the school I had been attending had not put in place facilities for the physically disabled. This negatively affected my performance in school. During this time I came to understand how the society had been unfair to the physically disabled. The fact that my school lacked or did not have elevators or ramps dawned on me. It led me to look around and I found that very few schools had in place facilities for the physically disabled. Although the government has come up with reforms specifically those aimed at integrating special education to regular schools this has not been widespread as many schools, churches, hospitals, cinema theatres, shopping malls as well as other public places lack facilities for the physically disabled. My social life was equally affected considering the fact that prior to my surgery I had made friends. This enabled me to understand how society views people with social disability specifically how the society lacks important information on physical disability. The fact that friends deserted me was a clear indication that the society has formed very baseless attitudes towards people with disability. The mere sight of a physically disabled person in a wheelchair is enough to cause people to run away from those they are supposed to offer care to. I realized that there are very many stereotypes which have been formed by the society about physical disability. The society does not understand th at disability is not inability. Therefore it is not rare to hear cases of physically disabled people who are qualified being denied opportunities because the stereotype that; disabled people cannot perform like non-disabled people, is very rife in the community. There is even belief in some communities that physical disability is communicable or contagious and therefore if one is physically disabled, friends and foes alike tend to keep a 'safe' distance. The stereotypes formed around physical disability go in as far as making some parents or caregivers to fail to take physically disabled children to school because they hold the belief that physical

Rethorical anlysis of the smoker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rethorical anlysis of the smoker - Essay Example Upon any further contemplation, a reader will stumble at the question whether choosing a life-partner is such a light matter as it is presented in the story. Schickler does not show any clear hints that the way Nicole chooses Douglas as her life-partner is wrong. Rather Schickler refers to the glaring flaws of traditional arranged marriage by presenting the ironies in a light tone. From the beginning to the end, the story flows at a smooth and easily palatable speed. But the readers cannot but raise their brows when they find Nicole’s father to propose Douglas at their first encounter. From here a reader’s reasoning starts and necessarily has to focus on Douglas’s and Nicole’s personality traits. Until then, a reader reads the story as a traditional story of a school girl’s romantic infatuation with her 12 years older teacher. What is disturbing in Samson’s approach to her daughter’s marriage with Douglass is that he makes its justifia ble depending on his own conjugal life. He refutes Douglass’s objection to the age gap on the ground that he has â€Å"got twelve years on Paulette† (Schickler 5). It essentially reveals that Samson’s judgment about the compatibility between his daughter and Douglass is self-centered.

Marketing strategies in different markets of ferrari

Marketing strategies in different markets of ferrari The sports car brand Ferrari when focused, I analyzed their success and marketing strategies in different markets, one the German and second Italian market and worldwide. For information I used business theories such as the product life cycle, marketing mix, analysis of positioning and segmentation. These two large economically stable countries are different; Ferrari does not make many differences in the way of selling cars. The company being recognized by its rearing- stallion logo is up to speed. The Italian Co. volume sales to build its status brand by producing 6,400 high-performance sports cars a year, with the initial price about $140,000. GT and sports model include models like Spider, Scaglietti and Ferrari California. The companys F1 model brings Ferrari drivers close to the racing experience. Since 1947, the exclusive cars have been manufactured in Maranello, Italy and sold through strategically selected dealerships. Fiat S.p.A group holds 85% stake in Ferrari , Piero Ferra ri, son of Ferraris founder, owns 10%. Throughout the history of the company it has been noted for its continuous participation in racing mainly on Formula 1 where they have achieved great success. For the growth the company has launched a Ferrari World Theme Park in Abu Dhabi in the year 2010 which is also leading them to gain profits as people are attracted towards it. The sales have been increasing at an increasing rate from 2004-2008, in 2008 they had performed above average with a record breaking sales of above 6587 cars in a year for the first time, as result their turnover increased by 16% while the profit has been increased by ravishing 75%. But due recession hitting in fall 2008, the sales volume drastically fell by 85% in November 2008 (the sales reduced to 92 cars from 600 cars a month). As a result in 2009 there has been a fall in sales, turnover and profit. INTRODUCTION The history of Ferrari is incomplete without mentioning that Enzo Ferrari worked for Alfa Romeo from 1920-1929, after which he raced for another 10years for Alfas. From the time he was 12 he knew he wanted to be a race driver, the dream which he achieved at Alfa and adopted the cavallino, or prancing horse, insignia for his Alfa race car. In 1929 Enzo left Alfa to start his privately owned Alfa Romeo racing team known as Scuderia Ferrari in Modena. Scuderia Ferrari did not race cars with the name Ferrari; the Ferrari shop built its first car in Modena in 1937 the Alfa Romeo 158 Grand Prix Racer. The first championship they got was in 1952-1953 season. Ferrari started making sports cars in order to finance his Grand Prix and Le Mans adventures. Ferrari headed the company until he stepped down in 1971 and died in his hometown of Modena. His name is the most famous in motor sports. In 1952 the emblem of the prancing horse was created which is still used today. THE MARKET ENVIORNMENT:- The geographical market: in todays market Ferrari is facing tough competitors like Lamborghini, Porsche, BMW and Aston Martin. To survive in the market the competitors try and make highly innovative designs and high quality performance. They are in an automotive industry and have a subsidiary type of business and it was started by Enzo Ferrari. The headquarters of Ferrari are located in Maranello, Italy. It had remarkable revenue à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1,921 million (2008). The owners of Ferrari are Fiat group 85%, Mubadala Development Company 5%. PEST-G analysis:- Political: the environmental protection laws in the company have come out with launching eco-friendly system in the car which will reduce pollution in the atmosphere, which politically will affect the taxation system as the consumers demand will increase. Economic: in the economic conditions Ferrari tries to be successful and profitable at any time because it affects its capital cost and demand. The timing and relative success of the company can be influenced by the economic conditions. The government decision plays an important role in the companys progress. Social: it depicts the demand and taste of the consumer demanded by the company which varies with the fashion and disposable income. Ferrari organization should be aware of the demographic changes such as the structure of the population by ages, affluence, regions and numbers working. Technology: the company tries to launch the latest technology for its automobiles as a competitive advantage for itself but it should keep in mind that technological breakthroughs can create new industries which might prove a treat to itself. On the other hand new technology could provide a useful input, in both manufacturing and service industries. THE COMPETITION The main competitors: in the market of Ferrari the competitors it faces are Lamborghini, BMW, Porsche and Aston Martin which has better performance and color and high quality maintenance Ferrari could face tough competition in the following. Sales and profit trend: The Middle Eastern and Far Asian sales of the competitive company has increased from 15.0-21.8% and also increased the unit sales from 2406-2430, which means the growth of 1%. The profit reports a decrease in worldwide sales for the first six months of the financial year 2009, in spite of which the company is still maintaining overall profitability among the major markets. Market Share: the company car tax efficiency, class-leading residual values and whole life costs have resulted in competitors winning a record share of the UK contract hire and leasing market. The competitors share of market has reached an all-time high of 8.8%-2.7% points up on the previous results. Target Markets: the competitors target market is upper-class people with high level of income. They focus on a person who mostly looks for luxury. In the future automobiles will have tough competition for selling the most environmental friendly vehicles. THE COMPANY Sales and profit trend: Ferrari announced a significant increase in both profits and sales for the second quarter of 2010, driven by the success of two new models, the California and 485, as well as demands for Ferrari 599 GTO. Revenue rose 8.6% year on year to EUR488m Euro and vehicle unit sales were 2.6% up at 1,615 units. Trading profit was up 10% to EUR77m. Market share: the companys total sales were 3,226 cars for customers around the world but it was 8% less compared to the year 2008. The market share price was up but was low on sales as the share increased by 10 to 32.8% in 2009. Business sector: the company was found in 1947 by Enzo Ferrari in Italy. They had highest sales was in the year 2008 despite seeing the period of recession. It has achieved one of the highest awards which were in the year 1997 (FCA) which was given in the annual meet, it also achieved the Platino Award for its reorganization. Project focus: the product of the company is an automobile, the brand name is Ferrari, it has launched models such as- Ferrari 308 GT4, Ferrari 550 Maranello, Ferrari 360 Modena Spider, Ferrari Challenge Stardale, Ferrari 430 Monza and many more. Their main segment is focused on F1 races. It mostly races in Italian and Australian Grand Prix. SWOT analysis :- STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Extremely strong brand image Takes on new challenges on a constant basis Innovation Technology are key drivers behind the product Is looked upon as a status symbol. Ferraris business model, based around low volumes, removes the possibility of employing certain technological solutions Some models also limit their sales volumes even though a lot more demand is present in the market Due to their waiting list model, they lose out on customers to the competition A big challenge lying in wait is fuel efficiency emissions which are growing in importance every day, OPPERTUNITIES THREATS Growth in global market for high-performance super-cars due to growing economies developing nations Expansion of the brand through entering into new important automotive markets like India wherein competitors like Porsche have already set up base Enlargement of customer base maintaining Ferrari characteristics-performance, style and exclusivity. Development of technology has opened up new avenues to explore for their products. Tough competition from other iconic super car brands like Lamborghini Porsche. Automotive policies being pushed by countries continents all over the world which are being strictly enforced like the emission norms of 130g/km of CO2 are very difficult to keep up with due to the performance oriented nature of the engines built by Ferrari A competing brand like Porsche does not follow the same low volumes, high on exclusivity model which is followed by Ferrari hence sells a lot more of its products. THE COMPANYS MARKETING STRATEGY Segmentation:- demographic segmentation defines market accordingly White / Caucasian 89% Age 51.5 Married 83% Total in household- 2.94 Total of children 0.75 Education 79% Psychological Segmentation identifies market according to lifestyle characteristics Targeting: the identification of target markets based on the regional, urban, or rural locations of the customers. The company has different models of vehicles to help each individual accomplish a safe drive where ever they are coming from. Positioning: Ferrari is a car in the Super Luxury sub- category and is distinctly more expensive compared to the luxury cars such as BMW, Lexus and Mercedes. It is probably the only car maker that never worries at competition price its name is unmatchable. It is one of a kind automobile that doesnt need to be compared to other brands since it has a well-developed name in the cars market. The latest innovation is the 360 Modena, the 360 Modena combines Ferrari heritage with innovation. Differentiation/Low Cost Leadership/Focus: it is a unique automotive which painted in race red as this was the customary national racing color of Italy. The company is currently focusing on its own performance in Abu Dhabi. Growth strategy: the company opens an office in Dubai airport free zone, sales have been in double digits in the last couple of years. It is only natural to open a regional office in Dubai which is experiencing rapid economic growth along with the UAE and the entire Gulf region. THE MARKETING MIX Product:- Vehicles of high performance Carrazzeria Scagliette- program to allow clients to personalizing their cars A statement of class. Price: least expensive Ferrari: 360 Modena-$170,200 and most expensive Ferrari: Enzo- $700,000. Place:- 1 location in Vancouver 2 locations in Toronto 1 location in Montreal Location in Yorkville and Woodbridge Promotion:- F1 advertise through their use of F1 race car Brochure information about the different models. Reputation Relay on words of mouth, since the car meets a small amount of societies demand( cost)they expect customers who have interest to visit a dealership for more information Ferrari knows well of their clients. People, processes, physical evidence:- the 2010 Ferrari 458 Italia would be headline news from any car company since it is an attempt to bring forward the concept of an exotic sports car into an age more conscious of efficiency EVALUATION OF THE COMPANYS STATEGIES AND TACTICS Evaluation of the companys current position: currently the company has closed the quarter with a trading profit of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬39 million. The decline was attributable on one side, to a less favorable product mix and, on the other hand, to the fact that newly -released F458 Italia provided a limited contribution for the period. The success of 8- cylinder models continued in the first quarter of 2010, with numerous awards and recognitions being received by the California and the F458 Italia. Evidence of the companys success:- Ferrari SpA, the maker of the $228,000 California supercar, will increase profit by more than 10% this year , helped by a surge in demand in emerging markets, said Chairman Luca Cordero di Montezemolo. Ferraris earnings before interest, taxes and one-time gains / losses, or trading profit increased by 10% to 77 million Euros in second quarter as the revenues increased. China sales increased 20% in the first half. The company was also successful in launching the Ferrari Theme Park in Abu Dhabi. Prospects for future growth/success: the luxury car maker company plans to start selling in India in the beginning of the year.2012 Ferrari 458 Italia Spider is the future model to be launched although it hasnt been officially announced, an open-up version of the 458 Italia is on its way in 2011 and the 2013, the final addition to the Italia lineup will be the Scuderia track model, which will leave behind some luxury in return for less weight improved performance. BCG MATRIX The company is large enough to be organized into strategic business sector facing the challenge. Cash cows: Ferrari has a vast market share in a slow growing industry. Cash cows require investment and generate cash which can be used to invest in other business units. Star: the company is leading in the high growth markets. They are generating huge amount of cash from the F1 races and have also used cash for launching new projects. Question marks: the company did not achieve a dominant market position, and do not generate much cash. Due to growth of the market they use most of the cash. The company by launching new sports cars and taking part in races is a rapidly growing market. Dogs: comparing to the Ferrari company sports cars other company cars have little future as they gain less cash by virtue of their low market share. CONCLUSION By analyzing the above report I can conclude the company is doing good as its sales and profit are good even in this time of recession compared to other competitive companies (i.e Lamborghini, Porsche, Maserati etc). Also their future projects are interesting which will attract the young generation. Ferrari achieves most of its success from the Formula 1 races by wining many awards, and also they have been successful in their recent launch of the Theme Park and aiming to launch more in other countries APPENDICES